The Destruction From The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami And...

The Destruction from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and...
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the deadliest and most destructive in recent history. It
was even catastrophic for a country like Maldives that never experienced disasters of such scale.
While some of the islands in Maldives were completely destroyed and a significant number of lives
lost; the damages to economy, infrastructure, environment and human psyche was immeasurable
(Pardasani, 2006, p. 80). Having only dealt with storm surges and localized flooding, "there were no
operational plans or capacity to deal with a disaster of this magnitude" in Maldives (Government of
Maldives, et al., 2005, p. 9). Despite some organizational shortcomings, mostly owing to their lack
of experience in managing large–scale disasters and limited ... Show more content on
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Maldivian Scouts were the first among NGOs to respond by taking initiative to report to operation
centre in Male. Scouts across the country were called to be on alert. The cadets and scouts remained
in assisting aid workers in managing temporary accommodation and other delegated tasks.
Following the destructions in islands, communities that were not affected by the tsunami took the
initiative in supplying basic necessities to the neighbouring islands. A national plea for aid was
broadcasted on national and private media (both television and radio station) and updates of tsunami
and its affect were continuously reported on media channels (Haleem, A. & Yusuf, A., 2004) The
only local NGOs with enough expertise in community outreach were Society for Health Education
and Care Society which later took a leading role in psychosocial support and counselling in some
focused communities (Pardasani, 2006).
Prior to tsunami, the international organizations in Maldives were very limited. The organizations
that existed were primarily focusing on education and health development (Brown, 2005).
International aid agencies arrived in a very short time. The Pakistan Armed Forces assisted in
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Sustainability Reporting Of The United States
Abstract
Sustainability reporting in the United States is still a work in progress. While more countries around
the world are requiring companies to report the effects of their business activities as part of their
annual report, this practice is still voluntary in the US. Even though sustainability reporting is not
required, companies generally disclose sustainable information on their websites or through social
media. Being social responsible builds a certain type of bond that brings internal and external
stakeholders together.
Many companies in the US have taken action and developed their corporate governance model that
will meet their needs as well as the needs of the people around them, thus creating a better
environment for shareholders and stakeholders. Currently, most companies that issue sustainability
reporting follow the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards guidelines. The GRI standards are
designed to achieve transparency, and it has become the most common set of standards used
amongst organizations for sustainability reporting.
This research paper was written with the purpose of providing some answers as to why
sustainability reporting in the United States should be mandated by regulators. The paper briefly
describes the GRI standards and guidelines, the benefits of sustainability reporting, some relative
advantages limitations in adopting sustainability reporting, as well as provides a few examples of
companies that have successfully adopted

BHP Billiton's Sustainability Framework
The second policy that is directly relevant to the first objective aims for BHP Billiton to endure to
"set and achieve targets that promote efficient use of resources and include reducing and preventing
pollution". By improving waste management practices, including waste minimalisation, recycling
and pollution prevention through proper disposal, BHP is able to obey by national and international
waste management regulations and maximise the recovery of resources to maximise efficiency and
overall minimise the environmental impact.
Assessing the second objective, permits the first policy for Community Relations in BHP Billiton's
Sustainability Framework to come to light. The first policy statement is that the company "engages
regularly, openly and honestly with our host governments and people affected by our operations, and
take their views and concerns into account in our decision making". This policy ... Show more
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The first key commitment in the section of Climate Change and Energy states that "we will
understand the sources, scope and extent of greenhouse gas emissions associated with our activities
and we will continually improve energy and greenhouse gas management at our site". This is highly
beneficial to the community as it allows transparency in reporting of the company's emission profile,
inclusive of the emissions from production activities; and ways in which they are intended to
effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their production and use. It also enables the
company to share leading practice and innovation in energy and operational efficiency to deliver
savings in emissions and costs that can be dispersed across the entirety of the industry. It will in turn
lead to external projects and other opportunities that deliver tangible reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions and generate

Transparency Of Donor Aid As A Key Factor
TRANSPARENCY OF DONOR AID AS A KEY FACTOR IN ENHANCING DEVELOPMENT:
CASE STUDY OF KENYA
DECLARATION
I declare that this project paper is my own work, done with my own ideas. It has not been presented
by any other person before it is through my creation of time and effort.
Signature: .........................................................................Date.......................................
Name:
Signature: .........................................................................Date.......................................
Name:
Signature: .........................................................................Date.......................................
Name:
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Back Ground of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem. 3
1.3 General Objectives. 5
1.3.1 Specific Objectives 5

1.4 Research question 5
1.5 Hypothesis 5
1.6 Scope of the Study 6
1.7 Literature review 6
1.8 Theoretical Framework 8
1.9Research Methodology 9
1.10 Chapter Outline 10
CHAPTER TWO 12
DEVELOPMENT AND AID 12
2.0 Introduction 12
2.1 Aid in Promoting Economic Growth 12
2.2 Aid in Eradicating Poverty 14
2.3 Aid in Kenya 16
CHAPTER THREE 18
TRANSPARENCY AND AID 18
3.0 Introduction 18
3.1 Transparency in Aid Use 18
3.2 Transparency in Kenya 20
3.2

Identifying The Structural Violence And The National...
Another governance framework in the literature is the concept of security (Kamradt–Scott 2015,
Kassalow 2001, Kemp et. al 2006, Kirton et al 2014, Mustapha & Bangura 2016, Ostergard 2002,
Roderick 2006, Smith et al 2003, and Sy & Copley 2014). This can be broken down into two
subsets: first, that disease outbreaks can be national security problems, destabilizing economies and
regimes, and even threatening international peace. Second, that building and strengthening the
institutions to provide health (as well as other services like education, or food) will bring human
security, which is freedom from conflict. Mustapha & Bangura (2016), Menon–Johansson (2005),
and Wilkinson & Leach (2014) describe the structural violence, as decisions made, by the state, over
a long period of time that have led to inequalities in the health systems and can lead to human
insecurity. However, human insecurity and lack of these key resources can lead to destabilization of
the state (conflict).
At the advent of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, many experts asked why these nations were
unable to identify and contain the spread of the disease early on and why was the international
community slow to respond. It is my view that any developing country (especially fragile, post
conflict states) would have struggled with an epidemic of this nature, not just Sierra Leone and
Liberia. However, as many fragile states have under–developed health systems, the real questions
are: "why are the health systems

Corporate Image And Sustainability : An Organization
Corporate image and sustainability rest greatly on the manner in which they respond and manage
allegations of legal, social and ethical misbehavior. The reputation of an organization is a primary
feature of its ability to operate and function successfully in a global context. When accused of
ethical impropriety, it is not uncommon for an organization to errect a stance of denial, excuses, and
justifications. The typical reactions of corporate entities seek to "...defend their actions and image"
(Eweje & Wu, 2010, p. 379).
Unethical behavior and the irresponsible responses given by businesses operating in international
settings generate a backlash of negative publicity, and public outcry from patrons, citizens, interest
groups and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Noca–Cola Case Study
Noca–Cola, an international soft drink company based in the U.S. has strategically located
manufacturing plants in many developing countries around the world. One such plant is located in
Colombia. According to sources, the general population are satisfied with the increased number of
local jobs and improvements to the county's economic status. Conversely, the indigenous
populations of Colombia recently initiated an informal claim purposing that Noca Cola's Colombian
based plant is situated on indigenous territory. In response, Noca Cola avows that the Colombian
government granted permission to place the plant in indigenous territory, due to its potential benefit
to the county's economy. That being said, the Colombian government has a demonstrated record of
ignoring the needs and rights of its indigenous groups, in exchange for royalties.
Strategic Plan
In light of the emerging conflict, Noca Cola offered jobs to the indigenous population. Still the
relationship between the parties continues to be overwrought with dispute and relational strain. The
Noca Cola dilemma highlights a scenario where having an awareness of social issues and laws does
not represent a sufficient course of socially responsible action. "A corporation is not being socially
responsible if

The Cultural Influences Of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, previously known as Kirghizia, is a country located in Central Asia known for its
incredible natural beauty and nomadic traditions. Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous and landlocked
country bordered by China (to the east), Tajikistan (to the southwest), Uzbekistan (to the west), and
Kazakhstan (to the north). Kyrgyz, the official language of the country, is closely related to other
Turkic languages. However the country is under major cultural influences from Russia. A large
majority of the population are nondenominational Muslims. In 1876 a large portion of Kyrgyzstan
was formally annexed to Russia. A major revolt in 1916 led by the Kyrgyz against the Tsarist
Empire in which almost one–sixth of the population was killed. Kyrgyzstan ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some forms include systematic corruption, political instability, organized crime infiltrating
government institutions, and different economic problems. After many years of corruption and
cronyism led to an uprising backed by citizens, and an election of a new government in 2011. ()
Since then efforts have been intensified to fight corruption.
Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index has ranked Kyrgyzstan 150th out of the
177 countries. World Banks Worldwide Governance Indicators
In Kyrgyzstan, corruption is widespread in all parts of the economy and government. For many
years Kyrgyzstan has dealt with the effects of major patronage networks. Patronage, or clientelism
refers to an informal relationship between people of different social and economic status. The
relationship includes a mutual but unequal exchange of favors, which can be, and most of the time is
corrupt. () Due to the effects of these networks, most operations in the country have to deal with
disorganized public administration. These circumstances give incentives and encourage bureaucratic
corruption.
Kyrgyzstan requires numerous amounts of documents, along with payments and procedures in order
for business transactions to take place. With these restrictions in place, many public officials are
encouraged to take part in bribes to bend the rules and speed up the process. The Ease of Doing
Business Index of 2014 ranks Kyrgyzstan 99th out of 189

‘Countries at Very Low Levels of Economic Development Face...
'Countries at very low levels of economic development face such a huge challenge that they cannot
hope to address them without the assistance from the rest of the world' To what extent do you agree
with this view? [40]
In this essay I shall try and explore if countries of low levels of economic development; LICs, can
only develop if they receive aid from already developed countries; HICs. I shall be weighing up
both the benefits of aid and it downfalls, as well as the possibilities presented through trade alone. Is
it easier for an LIC to develop through aid or by letting itself trade its way forward?
With two thirds of the world being made up by LICs, economic growth, the increase in output of
goods and services that a country produces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LICs fail to act upon the aid in order to develop but instead many see it as a way to keep afloat. Why
put the time, resources and effort into developing when you will always be bailed out by these HICs.
Another problem associated with aid is the idea that an LIC can receive too much of it. As free 'aid'
such as food and clothing comes in, LICs citizens, instead of purchasing these commodities, simply
pick them up for free. This 'dumping' of goods leads to unemployment as markets are forced to close
down due to the option of getting their produce for free instead.
With failures such as these it's clear to see why many opted instead to trade with LICs in order to
cause some sort of knock on effect. LICs are often provided with trade rather then aid due to
modernization. Essentially this consists of two key elements, the first being an increase in
international trade and the second being a process of intensive industrialization to help provide
goods for export. In effect, the developing countries were being encouraged to use the same kind of
model that Western HICs had used to develop many decades ago. These modern socialist ideas of
trade and economic growth took hold and became known as neoliberalism. This concept consisted
of the idea that free trade is essential for economic growth, so markets should be as open as possible.
This economic

The Youth And Anti Corruption
1. Calls Upon the establishment of youth integrity camps worldwide to educate the youth on anti–
corruption where these integrity camps will: A. Educate on the causes and consequences on
corruption such as: i. Centralized political and economic power in the elite, ii. Poor social service
systems; B. Teach the youth how to effectively fight corruption with their communities by
promoting awareness of corruption within individuals, C. Instill an anti–corruption culture within
the youth to: i. Alleviate corruption in their country, ii. Reduce cases of corruption; D. Be funded
and managed through Transparency International (TI),
2. Encourages the implementation of the Corruption Awareness Program (CAP) within developing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Governments to reform and improve services, ii. Better allocation of resources within government
agencies, iii. Eradicate hidden service costs such as bribes; B. Empower citizens by allowing them
to voice their opinion on corruption within the governments effectively: i. Creating more public
awareness of corruption, ii. Allowing for reform to take place within the current system; C.
Additionally address problems associated with corruption such as: i. Delivery of public services, ii.
Quality and reliability of public services, iii. Lack of transparency in services; D. Provided and
analyzed by the International Center for Policy Studies (ICPS),
4. Endorse nations adopt The Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS) within
their state in which the goals of this systems include: A. Creating an effective way to eliminate
corruption associated with money laundering corrupt management of funds by storing and
processing information such as but not limited to: i. Listing all transfers of funds within the
government, ii. Showing salaries for all government workers; B. Creating transparency within
government payroll systems by: i. Not being able to modify or destroy information, ii. Automatic
system so less likely to have errors, iii. Effectively finding ghost workers; C. Addressing challenges
in manual payroll systems by eliminating salary delays, D. Bringing uniformity within the
government by management of personnel

Politics In Haiti
As a developing nation, Haiti relies on international aid organizations to deliver some basic services
and necessities that the government is not able to. In the wake of the 2010 earthquake and the
subsequent cholera outbreak, Haiti needed aid organizations more than ever, so much so that the aid
community unintentionally gained political power. Recently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
stalled an economic aid package bound for Haiti due to the postponement of elections. The IMF did
not think it was prudent to disburse aid to an interim government with little to no experience
expending aid and the World Bank and the Inter–American Dialogue Bank have taken similar
stances.
To be sure, foreign aid is essential for poor Haitians. Without ... Show more content on
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Transparency International, a think–tank based in Berlin, Germany, "Ranks countries/territories
based on how corrupt a country's public sector is perceived to be. [They create] a composite index,
drawing on corruption–related data from expert and business surveys carried out by a variety of
independent and reputable institutions." On a scale of one to one hundred, one being the most
corrupt and 100 being very clean, Haiti received a score of 17/100, making it the 158th most corrupt
country out of the 168 surveyed by Transparency International. As one of the most corrupt countries
in the world, it will be difficult for Haiti to attract foreign investment, curb political violence, and
create sustainable institutions without implementing stringent anti–corruption measures. Likely, any
anti–corruption initiatives will have to be implemented by an outside body with governing authority
such as MINUSTAH to be

Essay On Open Government In Canada
What is the open government partnership? Canada is a major signatory and member of the open
government partnership, OGP which was launched in 2011 globally by G8 countries (Italy,
Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Russia and France) to offer an
international platform for national reformers dedicated to making their governments more open,
responsible, and approachable to citizens. Since then, OGP has fully grown from eight countries to
the 75 collaborating countries. All told of those countries, government and civil society area unit
operating along to progress and implement remorseless open government reforms. There area unit
rules, principles and machines in situ that decision upon government actors to justify their actions,
bear upon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But government's area unit requested to mobilize voters to be engaged publically discussion, offer
input, and build aids that cause a lot of approachable, innovative and effective governance. The
government of Canada's data on activities and selections is open, inclusive, timely, freely obtainable
to the general public, and meets basic open data standards.
As part of the global open government part, government's are requested to extend access to data and
information, ensure transparency and accountability, and strengthen citizen meetings in the activities
of government and in the democratic process. Canada has an established pledge to openness and
responsibility as a foundation of a strong, modern democracy. From the passing of access to
information legislation over 30 years ago to current open government and proactive revelation
activities, the government of Canada has worked to ensure transparency on federal operations to
enable Canadians to hold their government accountable. Canada joined the open government
partnership (OGP) in April 2012, and

National Human Rights Institutions For Emergency Response
Recommends the establishment of National Human Rights Institutions for Emergency Response
(NHIER's), in the event that none–previously exist, in order to better address health related issues in
each country that stem from the implementation from the Right to Health, emphasizing the
importance of international organizations and agencies – issued reports, declarations and
observations on an Ad Hoc basis on the following manner:
The establishment of these National Institutions will be carried out by this committee in cooperation
with local governments, the Resident coordinator of the United Nations at a Country Level (UNCT)
and the good offices of the Special Rapporteur when needed;
This institutions will make recommendations and provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
ion with local branches of government in order to develop health at a community level;
This teams will be financed by each member state for the adequate fulfillment of equal access to the
right to health;
Establishment of mobile health units for easy and effective access to rural and remote areas should
be procured by the local governments with the help of the Red Crescent and other NGO's in order
for achieving coverage in the most distant places;
Recommends that every country that has not implemented the Country Cooperation Strategy
initiative made by the WHO Committee should implement it in order to develop effective resource
allocation strategies;
Endorses the creation of a Treaty Specific Body (TSB) for the International Health Regulations
(IHR's) law inside the structure of this Council in order to:
Discuss implementation of these regulations within the frameworks given by the Special Rapporteur
and the NHRI's;
Allow for individual complaints on the accomplishment of health regulations implementation, and
abuses by state regarding omission of abiding by these principles;
Conduct country inquires regarding the establishment of these health regulation as means of
guaranteeing basic health services and progressive implementation and accomplishment of the Right
to Health;
Calls Upon NGO's to carry out inspection rounds upon each country Health system in coordination
with this Council the UNCT and the CCS guidelines in order to help the effective recollection of

Health Cases throughout the World
In case 4, eliminating polio in Latin America and the Caribbean, polio, one of the most infectious
diseases, paralyzed thousands of children every year worldwide before the oral polio vaccine was
introduce in 1977. As polio intestinal virus paralysis by invading the central nervous system, the
virus exponentially widespread with a series of polio outbreaks up to 15,000 cases and 1750 deaths
each year in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1985, Pan American Health organization (PAHO)
began a polio eradication campaign in the region for routine immunization by Expanded Programme
on Immunization. The program had two crucial objectives: mobilizing financial and social
commitments in the region and organizing managerial surveillance to carry out immunization in
each country. In a vertical way to set immunization strategies, diverse international organizations
such as UNICEF and USAID coordinated Inter–Agency Committee (ICC) for a five–year National
Plan of Action. To increase immunization coverage in areas with weak routine health services, all
endemic countries in the region performed national vaccine days twice a year to immunize every
child under 5. The campaign tackled the disease with house–to–house vaccination in communities
reporting polio cases and with low coverage. An extensive surveillance system also helped to track
the polio outbreaks with investigating each suspected case within 48 hours. Today polio has been
eliminated with continuous monitoring and regional

New Balance Case
New Balance Case Study
Peter J. Foster
Southern New Hampshire University
Introduction The New Balance mission is to, "demonstrate responsible leadership, we build global
brands that athletes are proud to wear, associates are proud to create and communities are proud to
host" (Veleva, 2010). The Boston based company's enthusiasm for executing this mission is akin to
the way the local populace supports their athletic teams and endeavors. Many companies have
banner language of always "doing the right thing", but New Balance is truly a company that puts
ethics and social responsibility ahead of all else. New Balance's commitment to domestic
manufacturing is noble yet leaves profits and cost savings on the table when compared to global
manufacturing processes. With most complex corporate direction changes, New Balance knows
obstacles will need to be overcome. One advantage that New Balance has is a realization by
leadership that a healthy Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy that is aligned with
company objectives will create business and profit opportunities that can sit their company among
that giants in the footwear/apparel world. New Balance was founded, by William J. Riley, in 1906 as
the New Balance Arch Support Company. In 1972, on the day of the Boston Marathon, New
Balance was purchased by current Chairman Jim Davis. Davis' vision of what the company could
become and how it could change the industry landscape was very evident. "He

The Effects Of Nuclear Energy On The World Essay
There are different views concerning the use of nuclear energy around the world, there is also some
varying attitudes when it comes to the development in nuclear energy. The nuclear energy
proponents tout it as clean energy, since it does not emit the harmful gasses that are associated with
fossil fuel. Moreover, the construction of nuclear power stations does not also emit much CO2 such
since other sources of energy are used in powering the instruments used. The UAE has embarked on
the construction of nuclear energy plant in a close construction with the International atomic agency.
This decision was meant to substitute the already existing gas and oil that are being used by the
large population percentage. The rate of electricity demand is growing by 9% and the statistics
indicate that the country will require 40GWe capacity of electricity by 2020. UAE relies on the
available electricity produced via the use of oil and gas to provide portable water, by desalination.
By April 2008, the UAE had established a comprehensive policy for nuclear energy that was to be
used for evaluation and potential development of a peaceful nuclear power. This policy has been
built under consideration of the most exacting standards of transparency, safety and security; hence
it makes the UAE a role model in the nuclear power development across the globe. The move to
import coal as a substitute for the existing gas and oil was rejected since coal is not friendly to the
environment and there are

Correlation between Government Corruption and Poverty in...
I"If a country has widespread government corruption, then poverty will increase."
Country Chosen: India
Introduction
As India celebrated its 65th Republic Day in January 2014, President of India Pranab Mukherjee
warned the country of corruption "as a cancer...that weakens the foundations of our state"
(Mukherjee, 2014) and " If Indians are enraged, it is because they are witnessing corruption and
waste of national resources"(Ibid.) Indeed, corruption is an endemic problem in India, with anti–
corruption watchdog Transparency International (2013) ranking the country 94th out of 177
countries in the Global Corruption Perception Index. Tens of billions of dollars of taxpayer revenue
have been wasted as a result of such corruption, and many fear this is only the tip of the iceberg.
Some reports suggest that as much as fifty percent of government money intended for welfare
programs and subsidies ends up in the pockets of politicians, bureaucrats, and influential
businessmen instead. Such corruption scandals have rocked the entire country, bringing the current
coalition government led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh under serious criticism.
Despite the Indian economy set to becoming the 3rd largest in the world (Khanna ,2013), poverty in
India is widespread, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. and with growth
being uneven across social and economic groups. In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of
all people in India fall below the international

Aid to Africa: A Review of the Efficacy of International...
Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars that have been poured into Sub–Saharan Africa over the
past century in an effort to propel development, Africa remains by far the poorest continent in the
world. Failure has arisen from the problematic nature of the administration of the aid. Traditionally,
aid has come in the form of military aid, and large international financial transactions. Although
these forms of aid have overall failing track records, targeted developmental assistance has been
historically successful. In order to pull Africa out of poverty, the international community should
focus on targeted developmental assistance.
Military Aid
Recent military conflicts have broken out all across northern Africa and the sub–Saharan ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conflict in Mali originated from ethnic tensions between the Northern Tuareg rebels, and the
Southern Malians who had long controlled the country's politics. The Tuaregs in collaboration with
several Islamist extremist factions e.g. Ansar Al–Dine, Ansar Al–Sharia, and AQIM, formed the
National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad (MNLA), and seized control of Northern Mali.
Once Northern Mali had been compromised, some Islamist extremist factions began implementing
harsh Muslim Sharia Law. In response to this, the Tuaregs joined forces with the Malian army and
the international coalition to retake Northern Mali. "France deployed a powerful military force in
Mali...that easily pounded the separatist rebels and Islamist extremists into hasty retreat....By the end
of January 2013 the military objectives of Operation Serval had been achieved" (Francis 6). Though
the conflict in Northern Mali is far from over, the French intervention in Mali was decisively
successful, showing that targeted military aid to counter extremist pressure can be an essential first
step to stabilizing the region to allow economic and political development. But not all military aid
has been so successful. In many cases, military aid has exacerbated instability by inadvertently
empowering antagonistic factions. The Malian conflict was a spillover from a 2011 conflict in
Libya.
"As the U.S.–backed war in Libya

Disadvantages Of Aid
AID IMPACT: WHY CLEAR CONCLUSIONS CANNOT BE MADE
Aid, as a concept of international development, has been at the centre of countless debates and has
been studied through sizeable number of research over the past several decades; yet, there is no
consensus among development sector experts on whether it works or not.
Paul Mosley (1986) argues that it is difficult to measure the actual impact of Aid because of the
"micro–macro paradox" which makes it almost impossible to add up the effects of individual Aid
projects, given that Foreign Aid is fungible. Consequently, it can be diverted by recipient
governments to less productive consumption uses (Boone, 1996).
According to the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, most Foreign Aid is designed to
meet one or more of four broad economic and development objectives, which are:
To encourage economic growth through building infrastructure, supporting productive sectors such
as agricultural production, or innovative ideas and technologies;
To strengthen educational, health, environmental, or political systems;
To facilitate subsistence consumption of food and other commodities, ... Show more content on
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According to Pekka Hirvonen (2005), developed nations have not been quite truthful about the
volume of Aid or assistance given to developing nations. The author argues that Aid (which is
measured as a proportion of the gross national income of developed nations) lags far behind the 0.7
percent target the United Nations set more than 35 years ago (ibid). In addition to this, the Aid given
is mostly: designed to serve the strategic and economic interests of the donor countries; or designed
to benefit powerful domestic interest groups; or too little Aid reaches countries that most desperately
need it; or is wasted on overpriced goods and services from donor countries

Key Planning Through The National Citizen
Key planning through such tools as the Greer Community Master Plan and monitoring progress
through the National Citizen Survey have proven to be effective as the City of Greer works to
improve not only infrastructure but also the quality of life for residents. National Research Center,
Inc. (NRC) has validated the effectiveness of those planning efforts, naming the City of Greer as
winner of the 2016 Voice of the People Award for Transformation in Foundations of Livability. The
award is presented only to jurisdictions that best listen and act to improve their communities. NRC
president Tom Miller said City of Greer residents' responses through the National Citizen Survey
reflected the highest levels of improvement with foundations of ... Show more content on
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"We're grateful to all residents who completed the National Citizen Survey and helped to create a
blueprint for how we can better serve the community. Our goal is to see continued improvement
when we survey citizens in 2019." The Voice of the People Awards are presented by the
International City/County Management Association and National Research Center, Inc. Assistant
City Administrator Mike Sell accepted the city's award at the 102nd annual ICMA conference in
Kansas City, Mo.
With hope that the document is never required, the City of Greer and All Clear Emergency
Management Group of Raleigh, N.C., opened a proof of the city's updated hazard mitigation plan for
public comment. The document is important to all residents in the City of Greer because it is
designed to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters. As stated in the
draft's introduction: In order to minimize the impact of hazard events on the City of Greer, the city
must assess its vulnerability to man–made and natural hazard events, determine what resources it
has available to dedicate towards hazard mitigation, and establish and carry out the specific steps
which will reduce the city's vulnerabilities. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
cites several advantages of developing and updating an effective hazard mitigation plan:
Increase education and awareness around

Evaluation Of The Imf 's Surveillance And Lending Work
The IMF helps its members to design economic policies and manage their financial personal matters
more effectively by strengthening their homo and institutional capacity through technical help and
training. Technical foul assistance helps countries develop more effective institutions, legal
framework, and policies to promote economic stableness and inclusive growth. Training through
practical policy–oriented courses, hands–on workshops, and seminars strengthens functionary'
capacity to analyze economic developments and formulate and implement effective policies
Technical assistance and breeding which together the IMF calls capacity development are important
benefits of IMF membership. Construction human being and institutional capacity within a country
helps the government implement more effective insurance, leading to better economic outcomes.
The IMF's surveillance and lending work often helps identify expanse in which technical assistance
and training can have the biggest shock. The IMF provides technical assistance in its areas of core
expertise: macroeconomic insurance policy , tax policy and revenue administration, expenditure
management, monetary policy, the commutation rate system , financial sector stability, legislative
frameworks, and macroeconomic and financial Synonyms. The IMF relies on independent external
and internal evaluations to assess the effectiveness of its technical assistance and training.
MF surveillance is IMF oversees the International monetary

Corruption And Corruption Of India
India the second most populated country in the world, is badly affected by corruption. This paper
analyses the serious problem of the corruption, how did it evolve, areas affected by corruption,
causes of corruption and how to combat corruption. Corruption is one of the largest element to be
found in most parts of the India. No individual can be free from it, there is no area which is free of
corruption. It emphasizes that lack of transparency, morality, accountability and consistency as well
as institutional weakness provide a fertile ground for the growth of corruption in India. It also
emphasizes that how corruption is related to development issues in India.It is one of the biggest
threat that India is facing. It is essential to take ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both the parties in the exchange of power for privileges want their transaction to be a secret, which
makes it difficult to establish how widely and deeply corruption has penetrated into our economy
and social life. Below listed are some of the characteristics.
a) Recipients and payers.
b) Extortion.
c) Lubricant of society.
d) An ethical problem.
e) Poverty reduction.
Recipients and payers
Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power and elected authority for private profit. Complaints are
often heard about politicians and public officials who accept bribes and enrich themselves privately
at the expense of the common citizen. This may be at the expense of the employee or the employer,
consumer and the producer, the renter and the tenant, the one applying for a permit or asking
exemption from an obligation to pay or to deliver a product or service. All the cases might be
considered to be abuse of power authority for one's own benefit.
Extortion
Most of them go a step further. They not only blame the politicians but also the public officials for
willingly accepting the bribes. They often allege that those having authority in the society ask to be
bribed or give an opportunity to bribe. There is no escaping from it, if one refuses to pay, you are
bound to fall behind.
Lubricant of Society
Many believe that paying bribe is required to ensure smoother operation of the society. They think
that without an occasional gift, entering into a contract

Non Governmental Organizations Today in Bangladesh
The Government view is NGO s are really important for country like Bangladesh, they can have the
role to overcome gaps in delivering and reaching poor people when they require services in natural
and economical problems. The services provide by NGOs create competition among governmental
organizations NGO programs addressing poverty, bringing into sharper focus issues such as cost–
effectiveness, transparency and accountability of the use of public funds. A well known NGO Rural
Employment Support Foundation established in 1990, is a state–run microcredit funding institution.
Established in 1990, it works for microcredit funding and remove poverty from society by providing
microcredit to people who live under poverty level they also help them to start their business by
providing different training another well known international financial agencies is ADB. They
financed different projects that include Urban Health Care Project, essential primary health care
services were contracted through NGO s or private providers via competitive partnership
agreements. This project includes the cities like Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna and particularly the slums
located in populous areas inhabited by poorer city dwellers.
This Project by ADB completed in 2005 had a positive impact on the primary health, family welfare,
and nutrition of the urban population, and particularly women and children.
NGOs today in Bangladesh
NGOs of Bangladesh provides lots of welfare services like

Socio Economic And Legislative Reforms Essay
In 2011, after decades of authoritarian rule, Myanmar has opened up to the outside world again and
undertaken a series of socio–economic and legislative reforms under the new civilian government.
Since then, many domestic civil organisations, international non–governmental organisations (NGO)
and aid agencies have increased their presence and activities inside the country. The most
unprecedented move was in 2013 when the government allowed for the first time to carefully
reconsider on the state of civil society in Myanmar and revoked a restrictive law that was enforced
during the military rule (Morgan, 2015). The government started drafting the Organisation
Registration Law in 2013 and allowed the representatives of the civil society to review the draft law
and critique over it (ICNL, 2014). The law was then revised by the government with the views from
the critiques and was passed by the parliament in 2014 (ICNL, 2014). The law provides voluntary
registration procedures for local and international NGOs and contains no restrictions or criminal
punishments. The law was a major achievement of legislative reforms for the development of the
civil society in Myanmar which was repressed during the previous regimes. Although the civil
society in Myanmar has only recently been officially accepted and recognised, the civil society in its
many different forms have always had a significant role in the social, economic and political scenes
of the country. Policy environment: The civil

Indio Pacific Women Empowerment
The following essay will analysis the Australian aid–for–trade program with emphasize on the
examination of the women's economic empowerment policy. Promoting women's economic status
results in more prosperity and equity for countries. Evidence shows economic development and the
status of women are interlinked together. Moreover, societies benefit economically and socially
from participating of women in the economy. Economic empowerment of women is one of the
initiatives of the Australian government aid– for –trade policy since improving women's economic
empowerment in developing countries lead to new trade opportunities for developed countries. This
essay will look at the politics of the Australian aid program and evaluate how the women's ... Show
Aid– for– trade investments are particularly important because according to the World Trade
Organization research, every dollar invested in aid– for –trade is basically connected with a growth
of around $8 in exports in developing countries.
Second– Agriculture, fisheries and water management projects– improved food security and
nutrition in the aid program are vital because millions of people's livelihood depends on food, it also
lead to increased economic participation. According to the Australian Centre for International
Agriculture Research–ACIAR in Tokila, new program for managing the pests caused growth in
sales of cocoa beans from 19 tones to 128 tones in just two years.
Third– Effective governance– Supporting transparency , anti corruption and accountability are also
other priority areas of the aid program as fraud and misuse and other poor practices cause
difficulties in success of the aid program. For example, in Solomon Islands, the regional assistance
team of Australia and New Zeeland worked collaboratively with the local Ministry of Finance and
Treasury to develop tax obligations and other financial issues. As a result, tax compliance and
government in the Solomon Islands increased from $370 million to $1.34 billion from 2003 to

Foreign Aid In Ghana Essay
Decreased river flow due to the dam also meant more citizens living close to the lake suffered from
water–borne illnesses. To help explain why this is such an important example, it is important to
know that in Ghana, this dam is still considered one of their most successful infrastructure projects.
In recent years, Ghana's economy has suffered from other infrastructure project failures, along with
poor fiscal policies that have placed the government into deep debt and caused extensive
depreciation of their currency. Other economic issues that Ghana faces due to large amounts of
foreign aid are inflation and Dutch disease. Their Central Bank has been unable to efficiently
regulate the flow for aid to the country, which results in uncontrolled inflation. Dutch disease has
been an issue for them due to the market for oil that began expanding in 2010. Their poor
infrastructure and the struggle to provide clean water are also constraints that limit how successful
Ghana can be without some developmental assistance (CEPA, 2010). Ghana is now one of the sub–
Saharan African countries that receives the most developmental assistance and foreign aid, a stark
contrast to the hopeful outlook that their country began with.
Foreign aid began to take center stage in Ghana during the 1970s and 80s, during which time the
government was faced with the struggle of becoming a stable presidential republic. The four types
of foreign aid most prevalent in Ghana are food aid, program aid,

Factors Affecting Nike
NIKE :–
It is an multinational company of America that is engaged in the design,manufacturing, development
and worldwide marketing and sales of apparel, footwear, equipment, accessories and services.
Rewards of company operating globally:–
● promote environmental sustainability by "decoupling" growth from "constrained resources."
● ensure ethical sustainability by monitoring and regulating international labor forces.
● increase revenue profits by increasing global market share.
● generate market share increase. develop job creation.
● cultivate global potentialities for meeting challenges.
Risks of company operating globally:–
● Social discord impacts market performance, market confidence and sustainability.
● The global economy affects rising ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
● General economic conditions will affect the sale of various product lines.
● New or improved clothing technology/fabrics/designs could result in new product lines or
divisions.
Nike:–
How political factors affect Nike?
● Studies show that Nike has earned high profits from the growth orientated policies of US
government.
● The policies maintained low–interest rates.
● Currency exchange stability and internationally competitive tax arrangements were also
maintained.
● The company has also benefited from government initiatives in terms of transparency in the global
value chain.
Political strategies for conducting international business:–
● Identifying the issue (e.g. environmental standards, human rights, rights of workers, etc.)
● Political situation is also the factor.
● Evaluating the potential action of other firms.
● Formulation of plans or strategies ( objectives, alternatives)
● Finding the impact of implementation (in host and home countries both)
● Selection of the best strategy and its implementation.

Positives of globalization:–
● Cheaper prices of product
● Better availability of products and services
● Better understanding of foreign values
● Access to international aid and

Organized Crime And Corruption In Latin America
Bono, an Irish venture capitalist and philanthropist, once stated, "The biggest disease is corruption.
The vaccine is transparency." Unfortunately, Latin American and Caribbean states became infected
after the end of colonialism in the 1800's, and not a single Latin American or Caribbean state has
cured itself. On 25 January 2017, Transparency International, an anti–corruption NGO, released its
2016 edition of the Corruption Perceptions Index, which revealed that the average score on the
Index for the Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC) was a meager 44 out of 100. Anything
below a 50 out of 100 indicates that governments are failing to tackle corruption. There are two
principal reason for the rampant corruption witnessed in the LAC: the relationship between
organized crime and corruption and the region's skewered political system that creates a breeding
ground for powerful oligarchies that misappropriate power and funds to satisfy their own desires.
First, the correlation between organized crime and corruption is both a cycle and geographical.
Organized crime cannot exist without corruption, but corruption is, in part, briberies by criminal
organizations or simple businesses looking to bypass government regulations. Moreover, Central
America, due to its geographical location, is a hub of drug trafficking and criminal gangs. With
regard to the LAC's crooked political system, during the region's colonial days it was ripe with
corruption, and that trend persisted after

Dole Critique Summary
Critique of the Current Diversity Plan.
Presently, Dole does not have an established Diversity Plan; however, diversity is addressed in other
areas. The mission statement indicates the company is "... committed to supplying the consumer and
our customers with the finest, high–quality products..." (About Us: Dole Website, n.d.) which is
supported by Dole's corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical standards, including the
treatment of employees.
The Core Values further explain Dole's view on diversity, specifically the values of Integrity and
Respect. Integrity states the company will conduct business openly and honestly, both points
reinforce the spirit of integrity. Respect states that the company is committed to providing a positive
and diverse workplace; furthermore, it fosters open communication and the importance of cultural
differences (About Us: Dole Website, n.d.). Transparency, integrity, respect and a commitment to
ethical behavior are part of the building blocks to a diversity plan. Acknowledging and recognizing
individual and cultural differences is another significant point in creating a culture of diversity and
inclusion. Creating a diverse workforce will open the company up to new ideas, customer
interactions and relationship.
In addition to the values statements Dole's career webpage highlights the commitment to diversity
by providing a detailed explanation of their view on equal opportunity employment. Furthermore,
policy administration is applied

The Berlin Conference Of 1885 Sought To Regulate European
The Berlin Conference of 1885 sought to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa and
was how the European powers avoided conflict between one another over African resources. This
meeting of European powers is referred to as the beginning of the scramble for Africa. No African
could have expected what was to come post 1855. The aggression and exploitation that followed,
described vividly in Heart of Darkness, has now adapted into more humane mechanisms due to
criticism against brutality in the nineteenth century. Today, the imperialism Africa faces is hidden
behind government sanctions, lies about cooperation and reciprocal benefits instead of mass killings.
Although the degree of exploitation is similar, the manner in which China ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The actions of Kurtz and other Europeans are extremely similar to actions taken today in regard to
their untamed greed. Like the Europeans, India and China have no consideration for the people
already inhabiting the area and are establishing complete dominance over Africa. However, in
current times, there is less blatant aggression and much of the invasive actions are hidden behind
false cooperation. Today, China attempts to lawfully purloin African resources with an extremely
self–promotional strategy. The country aims to maintain access to Africa's sought after natural
resources, regardless of the detrimental consequences for Africa. Some argue that the increase in
exporting that China creates will help Africa's economy develop, however these specific resources
can hurt the economy long term. This is seen in examples such as Nigeria and Angola, Sub–Saharan
Africa's two largest oil exporters. Oil and mining are not labor intensive industries, therefore while
these natural deposits may create impressive growth figures, they do not translate into widespread
job creation. In fact, an economy solely based upon large oil and mineral reserves distorts the local
currency. The prices of other exports then increase and it makes them hard to sell overseas, a
phenomenon labeled the "Dutch disease." Without careful management, something China has not
provided, the oil and mineral revenue will

The Flaws of Non-Governmental Organizations in Developing...
The role of Non–Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the world today has been increasingly
questioned in recent literature as people begin to recognize the flaws of our development aid
industry. The article "NGOs – A Tainted History" by Firoze Manji and Carl O'Coill explores the
history of the rise of NGOs in Africa in order to demonstrate that their aim is to control and colonize
Africa. Similarly, the novel Damned Nations: Geed, Guns, Armies & Aid by Samantha Nutt
emphasizes the patriarchal tendencies of the aid industry and the influences of the political
objectives of donor countries with descriptions of her first hand experiences on the field. With the
articles "Challenging Indifference to Extreme Poverty: Considering Southern Perspectives on Global
Citizenship and Change" by Barbara Heron and "International NGOs and the Aid Industry:
constraints on international Solidarity" by Molly Kane in mind, I considered the effects and roles of
NGOs as development organizations and instruments of change. Whereas the compilation of stories
in Generation NGO, edited by Alisha Apale and Valerie Stam, recollected individual experiences of
development workers, highlighting the moral and ethical challenges they faced day–to–day.
Analysis of the abovementioned readings allowed me to conclude that NGOs are destructive in the
developing countries in which they are situated because they impose colonialist influences, are
biased towards their political supporters, are ineffective when faced

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol
Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, particularly from industrial production, to combat
global climate change is one of the biggest sustainable development challenge for the international
community. Countries are adopting Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), low
carbon development strategies and climate change policies to tackle issues of climate change and at
the same time meet their development goals. At the global level, United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, have paved ways for voluntary
GHG emission reduction targets. To facilitate the mitigation actions, carbon intensities of production
process are tracked and GHG inventories are developed. Such accounting of GHGs is a ... Show
Source: WRI and WBCSD, 2007: 21
GHG Reporting Programme
In simple terms, accounting and reporting of GHG programme begins with identification of
programme objectives. These objectives may range from voluntary action like tracking progress
towards GHG reduction targets; supporting national climate change strategies; supporting GHG
trading programs; facilitating GHG mitigation activities; to provide information to shareholders and
investors.
Once the objectives are decided, the programme decides on which GHG accounting principles to
adopt. Such process implements basic principles like relevance, completeness, consistency,
transparency, and accuracy of data. After the base year has been selected the process follows
internationally accepted GHG accounting methodologies (see available protocols and standards
below), which can be modified to suit the requirement of the country or company.
After the objectives and the methodologies are agreed upon, the programme design will decide on
sectors, sources and gases that the programme covers. Generally, major economic sectors such as
energy, industrial processes, land–use change, agriculture, and waste disposal are considered for the
GHG emission. Similarly, the

Developing Countries During The Cold War Under Corrupt...
Developing countries spent years repaying billions of dollars in loans, many of which had been
accumulated during the Cold War under corrupt regimes. Years later, these debts became a serious
barrier to poverty reduction and economic development in many poor countries. Governments began
taking on new loans to repay old ones and many countries ended up spending more each year to
service debt payments than they did on health and education combined. Wealthy countries and
international financial institutions have taken action to relieve debt burdens in many of the world's
poorest countries – primarily through the 'Heavily Indebted Poor Country' (HIPC) scheme and the
'Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative' (MDRI) (see below) – but debt burdens are still a problem.
Firstly, not all poor countries have been able to benefit debt cancellation. Some were excluded from
the original HIPC deal because they had done a relatively good job in managing their debts. Today,
these countries still spend a significant portion of their resources servicing their debt. In 2013, for
example, Lesotho spent $40 million paying its external creditors. Kenya spent $620 million
servicing its external debt, which is equal to 20% of the aid it received the same year. The HIPC
scheme is now coming to an end. Except for the few countries still eligible to enter it, there is now
no international process in place for dealing with government debt crisis.
A second problem is vulture funds – financial speculators

General Assembly V : Final Analysis
In regard to General Assembly V (GA5), this paper strives to analyze the three topics provided for
the Spring 2018 Model UN New York Conference, while considering the fifth committee's
administrative and budgetary jurisdiction as a specific perspective to discuss the issues at hand. The
first topic states the intention of GA5 to discuss the issue of how to improve, "Mechanisms for
Accountability and Transparency within the UN System." Corruption and a lack of accountability on
part of UN Officials and UN–affiliates has ignited public anger and reduced international confidence
in the UN from the perspective of Member–States as well as the individual. As recent as May 2016,
audits from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)– the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, accountability can be separated into two distinct areas by regarding whether or not the
issue concerns operations involving UN peace–keeping. The second topic of the committee,
"Strengthening Compliance and Accountability in Field Missions with Special Regard to Sexual
Exploitation and Abuse Cases," focuses on PKO's and relates directly to the already explored issues
and events concerning Topic 1. A specific challenge that impedes PKO reform is the UN's secondary
status with regard to peacekeeper authority. In cases of PKO misconduct, perpetrators look towards
their particular Member–State in order to defer allegations. In many instances, cases of Sexual
Exploitation & Abuse (SEA) during PKO's that have been referred to the perpetrator's home country
result in a lack of prosecution and a disappearance of the matter altogether–such as when Sri Lanka
decided not to prosecute its peacekeepers involved in a three–year child sex ring in Haiti. Similar
circumstances were present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where refugees have
been raped even within a UN peacekeeper protected camps. In itself, by allowing such corruption,
the UN has harmed those who they had wished to aid in the first place. Important actions that
address the issue of accountability both in and out of PKO's include A/RES/71/283 that stipulates an
update to the policy

Does Democracy Produce Worse Government Than Dictatorship...
Question: Does democracy produce worse government than dictatorship produces?
Introduction
For the sake of ruling a country, we demand a system which can provide justice and also protect the
basic rights of people. Basically, there are two systems in the contemporary world, democratic
system and dictatorship. When people determining which form of government is better, it always
comes to a fierce debate. For instance, America, United Kingdom, India are the countries which
have a democratic form of government. On the other hand, countries like China, Egypt, and Cuba
etc are following the dictatorship form of government. Thus and so, which one is better among these
two types of government? Now, let's have an in depth analysis of democracy ... Show more content
To begin with, most of the democratic forms of government have both rule of law and transparency.
Also, it is accountable to the public. For instance, the first case is the Japanese prime minister, Naoto
Kan has resigned in August 2011 because he was strongly criticized by the people for failing to
handle the aftermath of Japan's tsunami, earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster on
11 March 2011 which ruined the northeastern of Japan and resulted 20,000 deaths.
Furthermore, the second case is the Japan's new trade and industry minister Yoshio Hachiro has
announced his resignation in September 2011owing to the people were outraged by his disobliging
joke about radiation.
The above two cases verify the democratic form of government is accountable to the public.
At contrast, the dictatorships have inadequate rule of law and less transparency and they are not
accountable to the public. Such as in 2008, a strong tropical cyclone named Nargis resulted the most
destructive natural disaster in Burma which killed over 100,000 people. Although the United
Nations urged Burma to receive a comprehensive aid, but the Burmese government still refused to
accept the international assistance. Despite the Burmese government suffered from criticism of
failing to deal with this issue, there were no officials have to take responsibility and no one resigned.
Therefore, it proved the dictatorships do not have accountability and the government is not
accountable to the

We live in a world in which the 85 richest people own the...
We live in a world in which the 85 richest people own the wealth of half of the world's population
(Oxfam, 2014). Yet, there have been numerous Western–driven attempts to bring such a gap, aid
being one of the most prominent ones. Indeed, as Moyo (2010, p. 12) suggests, there seems to be an
uncompromising sentiment of moral obligation lying behind the aid system, which purpose is to
improve the living standards of the world's poorest and ultimately erradicate poverty (Barder, 2011,
p. 7). Today aid, often regarded as the manifestation of a particular historical context
(Sriskandarajah, 2014), plays a fundamental role in influencing the social and economic outcome of
many developing countries (van de Walle, 1999, p. 338). Such an influence ... Show more content
235). Prior to that, the 1950s–1980s period proved developing countries to be very successful in
terms of the negotiating strength and the policy autonomy they enjoyed over the international donor
community (Singh, 2002, p. 298). This was explained by factors such as the decolonisation process
and the end of WWII, which categorically questioned the previously assumed moral values of the
West (Fraser, 2006, p. 8). Hence, conditionality was something developing countries were not too
worried about.
This, however, changed in the early 1980s with the debt crisis in Latin America and Sub–Saharan
Africa (Singh, 2002, p. 299), which gradually led to the evaporation of their negotiating power
(Fraser, 2006, p. 14). The relative balance of power changed against developing countries, which
saw how a whole new set of conditionalities was imposed into them (Singh, 2002, p. 299). The
Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs) (i.e. the International Monetary Fund, IMF, and the World Bank)
put in place stabilisation programmes which were followed by a package of structural adjustment
reforms (Sobhan, 2002, p. 542). These policy conditions, inspired by the Washington Consensus,
included measures such as "the reordering of public expenditure, tax and exchange rate reform,
financial and trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation" (Williamson, 1994 in Riddell,
2008, p. 235). These reforms did arguably bring stabilisation, yet not the desired

Political Governance in Post-genocide Rwanda
Political Governance in Post–genocide Rwanda
Critical analysis
The Spring Semester of 2014
Political Governance in Post–genocide Rwanda
I. Summary:
Rawanda is a country full of paradoxes, difficult for outsiders to understand what is really
happening there. While hearing ''Rwanda'' the first thing came into our mind is Genocide, massacre,
poverty, discrimination, corruption, and violence. Post–genocide Rawanda have been receiving
considerable amount of funds from international community despite being a dictatorship along with
miserable human rights record and instability in region. Rwanda is facing one of the most serious
problems with its political governance. Due to dictatorship there is little attention on vast majority ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, it is closely associated with governance related issues in Afghanistan. During the Taliban
regime, Afghanistan also faced lack of prosperous, stable and strong political governance since the
people in power (the Taliban) were dictators and brutal criminals committed massacre in large–scale
throughout the country. They had killed journalists, suspended International organizations, killed
and massacred foreigners by calling them 'outsiders'. If we refer to history, before 2001 both
Afghanistan and Rwanda were closely in same position in terms of governance since they both were
lacking a legitimate government authorized and known by United Nations or International
community. Therefore, Rwanda's case is associated and is somehow the same as Afghanistan. This
paper therefore argues that, political governance is playing a vital role in stability and harmony of
community to have a peaceful and prosperous society as well as in getting and using international
assistances and aids. However, it depends on government how, when, and where to use these aids.
Rwanda is a good example, throughout the history Rwanda have been receiving enormous amount
of aids and assistance from international community in particular the United Nations but due to the
political governance and structure of governance those aid were not used properly and made the
situation even worst. Moreover, lack of good political governance and illegitimate government of
Rwanda led to several

The Global Of Natural Resource Curse And Transparency
It also has very high resource rents as a share of GDP, at 47%. However, resources do not always
automatically lead to poor outcomes. For instance, North America produces more oil than Africa,
but it has the lowest resource rents as a share of GDP and has good governance ratings. Canada
remains among the top ten world oil producers, according to the US Department of Energy, but has
one of the least corrupt governments in the world, also according to the World Bank. Norway is one
of the top ten exporters of crude oil in the world, while maintaining its stature as a perennial leader
of the United Nations Human Development Index. In this way, natural resource curse did not appear
to be unavoidable. Global Approaches to Resource Curse and Transparency The widespread of
negative impact of natural resource abundance lead the world to explore possible ways to tackle the
problems effectively and turn these resources into the welfare of countries. The new conventional
view is that the resource curse can be explained by equating good outcomes from oil revenues with
good governance and good institutions. *At the center of the debate over the occurrence of the
resource curse also lies the importance of the role of institutions in promoting economic growth and
maintaining high–quality governance. If institutions are not strong enough to oversee ownership,
profit taking and resolution of grievances, the rapid flow of resource rents can quickly overwhelm
the government's ability to exert

Globalization And Foreign Aid Syndrome
INTRODUCTION:
For the past four decades the development challenge has been rich world of one million people
facing poor world of five billion people. 80% of the five billion people live in developing countries.
There are a few countries at the bottom billion that are falling behind and often falling apart. Paul
collier through this book takes a dynamic approach of the problems faced by the bottom billion, the
reason why they are falling behind and what can be done about this. The arguments collier points
out are based on conclusions from his exhaustive list of peer reviewed research. He successfully
answered the questions stated on the cover of book.
This book is divided into 5 parts: the first part introduces the issues. second part explains the traps of
development. third part explains factors of globalization and foreign aid syndrome fourth part
explains the instruments to solve the issues fifth part explains the agenda for action
KEYPOINTS:
In the golden era of 1990 's when all the countries are developing, the incomes in the bottom billion
declined by 5%. There are about 58 countries that fall into this category. About 1 billion people live
in these countries. 70% of these are in Africa. The rest in places like Haiti, Bolivia, central asian
countries, Cambodia, Yemen, Burma and north Korea and collier describes these countries as Africa
+. The per capita income of these countries is less than that of most rich world cities.
During 1970 's bottom billion diverged

Essay The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid
The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid
SOC 300
Submitted to:
Prof. Bernard Curry
Feb. 11, 2014
Submitted by:
Roberto Tan III
SU200096169
There so much said and written about foreign aid that it has become difficult to justify its
effectiveness. But if we look at the overall picture in the eye of citizens of a developing country, an
honest assessment might conclude that progress has been made. Though, profound social disparities
and extreme poverty are still lurking in some parts of this fragile planet.
Foreign aid is the transfer of capital, goods, or services from one country to another. And aid can be
given in numerous forms – from humanitarian emergency assistance, to food aid, military
assistance, and so on. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This approach was designed to undermine the communist government that was corrupt and biased
that favored urban population over rural sections. Their pattern of distribution reflected political ties
and proximity rather than absolute humanitarian need. By avoiding official structures and working
with commanders at the local level, NGOs inevitably accentuated national–regional tensions and
legitimized military strongmen. In this manner, foreign aid with the ultimate goal of peace building
with efforts tied to impartialness has turned a page of conflict.
Positive.
Wars, conflicts, and struggles are sites of innovation, leading to the creation of new forms of
legitimacy and protection. (M Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: the Merging of
Development and Security, London: Zed Books, 2001.) They are essential for the advancement of
peoples that are affected by it. They are essential in the transformation of infrastructures, institutions
and social structures. And those affected societies will appreciate the availability of such foreign
aids to allow them to rebuild and restructure the remains of their struggles.
Consequently, a 'second generation' strategy materialized as NGOs moved from humanitarian to
rehabilitation and developmental approach with the focus in rural areas. NGOs sought to disengage

from the privileged relationships built with particular commanders during the jihad years. They
experimented with local institutional development approaches through

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